Heisenberg uncertainty: for an electron in atom (Δx ~ 10⁻¹⁰ m), minimum momentum uncertainty:
- Zero
- Always 10⁻³⁴
- Cannot apply
- Δp ≥ ħ/2 / Δx ≈ 5 × 10⁻²⁵ kg m/s
Show answer and solution
Correct answer: D. Δp ≥ ħ/2 / Δx ≈ 5 × 10⁻²⁵ kg m/s
Δp ≥ ħ/(2 Δx) = 1.05 × 10⁻³⁴ / (2 × 10⁻¹⁰) ≈ 5.3 × 10⁻²⁵ kg m/s.
Corresponds to velocity uncertainty ~5.8 × 10⁵ m/s — substantial, confirming that classical orbits make no sense at atomic scale.