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AP Psychology Psychology — practice by topic

Browse 364 questions across 20 Psychology topics. Choose what you want to revise, then open a question to check its answer and worked solution.

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Psychology topics

Learning (107)Memory (82)Biopsychology (69)Thinking and Intelligence (60)Personality (54)Motivation and Emotion (53)Social Psychology (50)Psychological Research Methods (23)Treatment of Psychological Disorders (23)Lifespan Development (22)States of Consciousness (22)Psychological Disorders (21)Sensation and Perception (21)Thinking, Language and Intelligence (21)Cells of the Nervous System (1)Classical Conditioning (1)Neuronal Communication (1)Operant Conditioning (1)Reinforcement Schedules (1)The Brain and Spinal Cord (1)

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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not initially elicit any response is called:Read the answer and worked solution →Which of the following is NOT a primary reinforcer?Read the answer and worked solution →Observational learning, in which we learn by watching and imitating others, was proposed by:Read the answer and worked solution →According to Bandura, the four steps of the modeling process occur in which order?Read the answer and worked solution →

Worked practice questions

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not initially elicit any response is called:

  1. An unconditioned stimulus
  2. A conditioned stimulus
  3. A neutral stimulus
  4. An unconditioned response
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Correct answer: C. A neutral stimulus

1. The four labels in classical conditioning are defined by what a stimulus does before and after training. 2. An unconditioned stimulus already elicits a reflex with no training at all. 3. A neutral stimulus is one that does not initially elicit a response; Pavlov's tone began as exactly this. 4. Once the neutral stimulus has been repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, the same stimulus is renamed the conditioned stimulus. _Source: OpenStax Psychology (1st ed., CC BY 4.0), Ch 6 "Learning", §6.2 Classical Conditioning_

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Which of the following is NOT a primary reinforcer?

  1. Food
  2. Water
  3. Sleep
  4. Money
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Correct answer: D. Money

1. A primary reinforcer has innate reinforcing qualities and is not learned. 2. Food, water, sleep, shelter, sex and touch all satisfy needs directly, so all are primary reinforcers. 3. Money has no inherent value and reinforces only because it can be exchanged for other things. 4. Money is therefore a secondary reinforcer; the chapter makes the point that stacks of money on a remote island would reinforce nothing. _Source: OpenStax Psychology (1st ed., CC BY 4.0), Ch 6 "Learning", §6.3 Operant Conditioning_

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Observational learning, in which we learn by watching and imitating others, was proposed by:

  1. F. Skinner
  2. Albert Bandura
  3. John B. Watson
  4. Edward Thorndike
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Correct answer: B. Albert Bandura

1. Skinner and Watson were strict behaviourists who explained learning through direct consequences and observable stimulus-response links. 2. Thorndike contributed the law of effect, which underpins operant conditioning. 3. Bandura proposed social learning theory, arguing that internal mental states matter and that learning can occur without external reinforcement. 4. Observational learning, learning by watching a model, is therefore Bandura's contribution. _Source: OpenStax Psychology (1st ed., CC BY 4.0), Ch 6 "Learning", §6.4 Observational Learning (Modeling)_

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