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Practice AP EAMCET Molecular Biology in the app →Who first used the term molecular biology, in 1945?Which substance did Friedrich Miescher first call nuclein?According to Chargaff's rule, total purines equal total what?Who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize with Watson and Crick for the DNA model?Watson and Crick's double helix drew on whose X-ray crystallography work?Why is the genetic code called a triplet code?In Griffith's 1928 experiment on pneumococcus, which strain was virulent?What makes the smooth pneumococcus strain escape the host's immune system?Griffith's observed gene transfer within one generation is now called what?Which feature makes the rough strain of pneumococcus avirulent?The 1944 work of Avery, MacLeod and McCarty showed that which molecule causes bacterial transformation?In the Hershey and Chase experiment, which radioactive element tagged the phage protein coat?The Hershey and Chase experiment is also known as which experiment?A bacteriophage carries a fragment of bacterial DNA to another bacterium. What is this called?Meselson and Stahl labelled parent DNA with a heavy isotope of which element?Which technique did Meselson and Stahl use to separate DNA by mass?Gregor Mendel described laws of inheritance in 1866 using which plant?Who proposed the polynucleotide model of DNA in 1919 from work on yeast?The central dogma was first stated by which scientist in 1957?Which process transfers information from RNA to DNA?Which enzyme family copies one RNA into new RNA in many viruses?Which modifications are added to eukaryotic pre-mRNA before translation?What is the primary transcript in eukaryotic cells called?Which codon is the usual start of translation, reading as methionine?Why can transcription and translation be linked in prokaryotes?Where must eukaryotic mRNA go to be translated?The Weismann barrier of 1892 separates which two kinds of cell lineage?During DNA replication, what role does each original strand play?Which enzymes unwind DNA at the origin?In which direction do replication forks grow from an origin?How are the two strands of the DNA double helix oriented?Which bonds link nucleotides within one DNA strand and are the stronger ones?What must a DNA polymerase have before it can add nucleotides?What is the primer needed to begin DNA synthesis made of?What is the removal of mismatched nucleotides by a DNA polymerase called?Which three steps make up DNA replication?Why are replication origins usually AT-rich?What is the primary initiator protein at the E. coli origin?Which enzyme makes the short RNA primer in cellular DNA replication?What primes DNA replication in retroviruses?Once DNA replication starts in a cell, what happens next?What does transcription make from a DNA template?Which base replaces thymine in RNA made during transcription?Which DNA strand does RNA polymerase read as template?RNA polymerase adds nucleotides only to which end of the growing mRNA?Which DNA strand has the same sequence as the RNA transcript, except for uracil?How does transcription fidelity compare with DNA replication?Which list gives the stages of transcription?What forms when RNA polymerase and general factors first bind the promoter?DNA segments that do not code protein can be transcribed into what?5-methylcytosine is which kind of DNA base?In a tRNA, the anticodon is complementary to which mRNA part?What are the eukaryotic ribosome's two subunits?Which enzymes attach amino acids to their matching tRNAs?Which ribosomal site binds the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA?Toward which end of mRNA does the ribosome move?What are the four phases of translation?At which end of a peptide are new amino acids added during translation?Which initiation factor is the cap-binding protein?Which amino acid does the start codon encode in eukaryotes and archaea?During initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds where on mRNA?Nirenberg and Matthaei found poly-U RNA coded for which amino acid?Ochoa's work showed that AAA codes for which amino acid?Robert Holley determined the structure of which molecule?Who first gave a workable scheme for protein synthesis from DNA using triplets?The most common start codon is read as which amino acid?Which sequence nearby helps start translation in E. coli?How many stop codons are there in the standard genetic code?What is defined by the initial triplet where translation starts?Where are variant genetic codes known, differing from the standard one?The lac operon of E. coli is needed for the metabolism of which sugar?What does the lacZ gene encode?The lacA gene encodes which enzyme?Which gene encodes the lactose repressor?In the lac operon, what does lactose do to the repressor?Where does the lac repressor bind when lactose is absent?The lacI gene is expressed in what way?Lac genes are co-transcribed into which kind of mRNA?How does the cAMP level relate to glucose availability?Sequential use of glucose then lactose in two growth phases is called what?The lac repressor is made of how many identical subunits?Which was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly?The lac repressor is an allosteric protein. What does this mean?At which level does the lac operon control gene expression?Besides allolactose, which artificial inducer binds the lac repressor?