The DOCTRINE OF PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION (PIL) in Indian constitutional law:
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C.
1. PIL emerged in India in the late 1970s — Mumbai Kamgar Sabha v. Abdulbhai (1976) was an early case relaxing locus standi.
2. S.P. Gupta v. UoI (Judges Transfer Case, 1981) formally articulated relaxed locus.
3. PUDR v. UoI (Asiad Workers Case, 1982): Bhagwati J. articulated the philosophical basis — courts must reach out to the poor and oppressed.
4. PIL is also called Social Action Litigation (SAL) — distinct from US class action.
5. State of Uttaranchal v. Balwant Singh Chaufal (2010): SC laid down guidelines to curb 'PIL abuse' (publicity, political, personal interest litigation).
6. Hence option B is correct.
_Source: UDHR 1948 / ICCPR 1966 / ICESCR 1966 / CAT 1984 / CEDAW 1979 / CRC 1989 / PHRA 1993 / Constitution Part III — PIL doctrine; Mumbai Kamgar Sabha v. Abdulbhai (1976); S.P. Gupta v. UoI (1981); People's Union for Democratic Rights v. UoI (1982)_
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