The doctrine of UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION permits any State to prosecute certain crimes regardless of where they were committed and the nationality of the perpetrator. Crimes typically subject to universal jurisdiction include:

1. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION is the principle that some crimes are so universally condemned that ANY STATE may prosecute the perpetrators regardless of where the crime was committed or the nationality of the perpetrator or victim. 2. Crimes traditionally subject to universal jurisdiction: (i) PIRACY (Article 105 UNCLOS); (ii) WAR CRIMES (grave breaches, Geneva Conventions); (iii) CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY; (iv) GENOCIDE; (v) TORTURE (Article 5 CAT 1984); (vi) SLAVE TRADE. 3. Belgium's universal jurisdiction law (1993) led to controversial cases (Yerodia case at ICJ 2002 on immunity). 4. India does not have a comprehensive universal jurisdiction statute but courts have invoked it in piracy matters (Maritime Anti-Piracy Act 2022). 5. Hence option B is correct. _Source: UN Charter 1945 / Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties 1969 / Geneva Conventions 1949 / ICJ Statute / UDHR ICCPR ICESCR — Customary international law; Article 105 UNCLOS (piracy); Article 5 CAT 1984 (torture); Geneva Conventions Common Article 49/50/129/146 (grave breaches)_