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Why do conduction electrons in a metal acquire a steady average drift velocity even though the applied electric field continuously exerts a force on them?
AThe electric field inside the metal is zero on average
BCollisions with the fixed positive ions repeatedly randomise their motion
CThe electrons are too heavy to accelerate appreciably
DThe drift velocity exceeds the thermal speed of the electrons
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: B. Collisions with the fixed positive ions repeatedly randomise their motion
1. The field does accelerate each electron, increasing its drift speed.
2. But each electron soon collides with a positive ion and loses that gained drift speed.
3. It then accelerates again until the next collision, and so on.
4. Averaged over many collisions, electrons acquire only a steady drift speed, so B is correct; the field is non-zero (A wrong) and drift speed is far below thermal speed (D wrong).
_Source: NCERT Class 12 Physics Ch 3 "Current Electricity", p.7_
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