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Euler buckling load for a column with both ends pinned: 
AP = EI
BP = πEI/L
CP_E = π² EI/L² (where L = column length)
DP = π²EI/L²
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C. P_E = π² EI/L² (where L = column length)
Euler buckling (1757) for slender pinned-pinned column: P_cr = π²EI/L². For other end conditions, replace L with effective length L_e: both pinned L_e=L; both fixed L_e=L/2; fixed-pinned L_e≈0.7L; fixed-free L_e=2L. Buckling only for slender columns (high slenderness ratio).
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