Newton's law of cooling for CONVECTION is:
A{'text': "$q'' = h(T_s - T_\\infty)$ — heat flux is proportional to surface-to-fluid temperature difference; h is the convective heat transfer coefficient", 'label': 'A'}
B{'text': "$q'' = -k(dT/dx)$", 'label': 'B'}
C{'text': "$q'' = \\sigma T^4$", 'label': 'C'}
D{'text': "$q'' = mc\\Delta T$", 'label': 'D'}
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. {'text': "$q'' = h(T_s - T_\\infty)$ — heat flux is proportional to surface-to-fluid temperature difference; h is the convective heat transfer coefficient", 'label': 'A'}
Newton's cooling: q'' = h·(T_s − T_∞), W/m². h (W/m²K) depends on flow geometry, velocity, fluid properties — NOT a material property. Forced convection h ranges 25–250 (gas), free convection 2–25.
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