A capacitor of capacitance C is charged to voltage V then connected through a resistor R to an uncharged capacitor of same C. Final voltage across each:

**Charge conservation:** CV initial. **After sharing equally:** each has CV/2 → V/2 voltage. Energy lost as heat in R = (1/2)CV² - 2 × (1/2)C(V/2)² = CV²/4 (half lost regardless of R).