Adoptees at high genetic risk for schizophrenia developed the disorder far more often when raised in a disturbed family environment than in a healthy one. Which model does that finding support?

1. Adoption studies separate children from their biological parents early, which strips out shared family environment. 2. In one study of 303 adoptees, 36.8% of those at high genetic risk raised in a disturbed family environment developed schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder. 3. Only 5.8% of high-risk adoptees raised in a healthy environment did so, and the low-risk groups sat at 5.3% and 4.8%. 4. High risk therefore expressed itself mainly when adverse environment was added, which is precisely the diathesis-stress pattern. 5. Harmful dysfunction is a definition of disorder rather than a causal model, and hopelessness theory concerns depression, so neither fits. 6. The supernatural perspective offers no account of genes or family environment at all. _Source: OpenStax Psychology (1st ed., CC BY 4.0), Ch 15 "Psychological Disorders", section 15.8 Schizophrenia_