Hopelessness theory holds that depression follows a style of thinking that attributes negative life events to which kind of causes?

1. Hopelessness is the expectation that unpleasant outcomes will occur, or desired ones will not, with nothing the person can do about it. 2. Hopelessness theory holds that this state stems from perceiving negative life events as having stable and global causes. 3. A stable cause is one seen as never going to change, and a global cause is one seen as affecting the whole of life. 4. Unstable and specific attributions, such as being ill on the day of an exam, are the contrast case that does not lead to hopelessness. 5. In one test of the theory, those with high cognitive vulnerability scores were seven times more likely to develop depression over the following six months. _Source: OpenStax Psychology (1st ed., CC BY 4.0), Ch 15 "Psychological Disorders", section 15.7 Mood Disorders_