A child who has never been harmed by a spider watches a cousin react with terror to one, and later shows the same fear. Which pathway of phobia acquisition does this illustrate?

1. Rachman proposed three learning pathways by which phobias are acquired. 2. The second of those, vicarious learning, works through modelling, which is exactly what watching the cousin provides. 3. Classical conditioning would require the child to be paired directly with an unpleasant event such as a bite. 4. Verbal transmission would require people repeatedly telling the child that spiders are dangerous, which did not happen here. 5. Negative reinforcement maintains compulsive acts in obsessive-compulsive disorder rather than creating a phobia. _Source: OpenStax Psychology (1st ed., CC BY 4.0), Ch 15 "Psychological Disorders", section 15.4 Anxiety Disorders_