Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777. Which consequence made that the turning point?

1. Burgoyne moved down from Canada to take the Lake Champlain and Hudson line and cut New England off. 2. His raiding force was beaten by the Vermont militia near Bennington. 3. That defeat rallied New England militiamen and drew reinforcements from the lower Hudson. 4. Gates was waiting for him, and under Benedict Arnold the Americans twice repulsed the British. 5. Burgoyne fell back to Saratoga and surrendered on 17 October 1777. 6. This decisive blow brought France to the American side, and Franklin then secured treaties of commerce and alliance. 7. Fighting went on for four more years, so an end to war in the north is not what followed. 8. New York City stayed in British hands, and the tea duty was not the question at issue by then. _Source: An Outline of American History (U.S. Information Agency, 1990, public domain), section COLONIES GAIN VICTORY AND FREEDOM_