The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, gave Congress the authority to do what?

1. Before 1913, Article I, Section 9 required direct taxes to be apportioned among the states by population. 2. The Sixteenth Amendment authorized Congress to impose income taxes without that burdensome apportionment. 3. The change sharply increased the federal government's ability to raise revenue and to spend. 4. Export taxes remain off limits to the federal government, so that option describes a power it still lacks. _Source: OpenStax American Government 3e (CC BY 4.0), Ch 3 "American Federalism", section 3.1 The Division of Powers_