Friction can convert a moving object's kinetic energy entirely into thermal energy, warming its surroundings. The source uses this as an example of an irreversible process. Which of the following would be the impossible reverse of this process?
AA moving object slowing down and heating its surroundings
BA warm object cooling down as heat spreads outward
CA hot object staying hot while at rest indefinitely
DA stationary hot object spontaneously cooling and starting to move
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. A stationary hot object spontaneously cooling and starting to move
1. Friction is a familiar way to turn ordered kinetic energy into disordered thermal energy, and it happens constantly in everyday life.
2. The reverse conversion, thermal energy spontaneously organizing itself back into kinetic energy, is what would have to happen for this process to run backward.
3. This reverse case is stated explicitly: a hot stationary object never spontaneously cools off and starts moving.
4. Option A just restates the forward, everyday direction of the process, not its impossible reverse.
5. A warm object cooling down as heat spreads outward is ordinary spontaneous heat transfer, not the reverse of the kinetic-to-thermal conversion, ruling out option B, and staying hot at rest describes no process happening at all, ruling out option C.
_Source: OpenStax College Physics (CC BY 4.0), Ch 15 "Thermodynamics", section 15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency_
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