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Which set names the five factors that account for soil formation?
AParent material, climate, topography, biological factors, time
BParent material, climate, topography, salinity, cultivation
CBedrock depth, climate, drainage, biological factors, time
DBedrock depth, rainfall, drainage, cultivation, crop cover
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. Parent material, climate, topography, biological factors, time
1. Soil formation combines biological, physical and chemical processes acting over long periods.
2. Five factors account for it, namely parent material, climate, topography, biological factors and time.
3. Parent material is the organic and inorganic material in which soils form.
4. Salinity, drainage and crop cover are not among the five named factors, so any list containing them is incomplete or wrong.
5. Agricultural history such as cultivating practice does modify soil fertility, but it is discussed separately from the five formation factors.
_Source: OpenStax Biology (1st ed., CC BY 4.0), Ch 31 "Soil and Plant Nutrition", section 31.2 The Soil_
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