A child sees her older sister given a time-out for playing with their mother's make-up, and then avoids the make-up herself. This is:

1. The younger child's own behaviour was never followed by any consequence, so no direct reinforcement or punishment occurred. 2. She observed the model, her sister, being punished for the behaviour. 3. Vicarious punishment is the process in which seeing the model punished makes the observer less likely to imitate the model. 4. It works on the motivation step of modeling, since motivation depends on what happened to the model rather than to the observer. _Source: OpenStax Psychology (1st ed., CC BY 4.0), Ch 6 "Learning", §6.4 Observational Learning (Modeling)_