Section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act allows certain **statements by persons who cannot be called as witnesses** to be relevant. Which of the following is a recognised category under Section 32?

1. Section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act makes nine categories of statements relevant where the maker is dead, cannot be found, or cannot be called as a witness without unreasonable delay or expense. 2. Lesson 11 lists them, beginning with: (i) statement made by a person as to the **cause of his death** or **circumstances resulting in his death** — the **dying declaration**. 3. Others include statements made in the course of business, against the maker's interest, of public right or custom, of relationship of persons alive or deceased, in wills/deeds, of feelings/impressions, and prior judicial-proceeding evidence subject to cross-examination opportunity. 4. Newspaper/political/social-media statements are not among the section 32 categories. _Source: ICSI CS Executive Paper 1 — Jurisprudence, Interpretation & General Laws, Lesson 11 (Indian Evidence Act, 1872), pp. 251-272._