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Lesson 11 lists **different kinds of estoppel** recognised in Indian law. Which set lists three correctly recognised kinds?
A{'text': 'Estoppel by limitation, estoppel by laches, and estoppel by acquiescence in any judicial proceeding under any law in force in any State of India regardless of context', 'label': 'A'}
B{'text': 'Estoppel by sovereign immunity, estoppel by ratification of a void agreement, and estoppel by frustration of contract under the Indian Contract Act 1872', 'label': 'B'}
C{'text': 'Estoppel by adverse possession of immovable property, estoppel by escheat, and estoppel by lis pendens under any law in force in any State of India', 'label': 'C'}
D{'text': 'Estoppel by contract, estoppel by election, and estoppel by silence', 'label': 'D'}
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. {'text': 'Estoppel by contract, estoppel by election, and estoppel by silence', 'label': 'D'}
1. Lesson 11 lists **different kinds of estoppel**: by attestation, by contract, constructive estoppel, by election, equitable estoppel, by negligence, and by silence.
2. Option (A) picks three from this enumerated list (**by contract, by election, and by silence**).
3. The other options name doctrines from different fields (sovereign immunity, adverse possession, limitation), not the species of estoppel recognised by the lesson.
_Source: ICSI CS Executive Paper 1 — Jurisprudence, Interpretation & General Laws, Lesson 11 (Indian Evidence Act, 1872), pp. 251-272._
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