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Per §8.1, which of the following is NOT listed by the source as an EXTERNAL (environmental) factor affecting durability of concrete?
A{'text': 'Alkali-aggregate reaction inside the concrete', 'label': 'A'}
B{'text': 'Attack by natural sulphate-bearing waters', 'label': 'B'}
C{'text': 'Weathering by long climatic exposure', 'label': 'C'}
D{'text': 'Abrasion and cavitation by flowing fluids', 'label': 'D'}
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. {'text': 'Alkali-aggregate reaction inside the concrete', 'label': 'A'}
1. §8.1 lists external factors as weathering, extreme temperatures (fire and frost), attack by natural / industrial liquids, exposure conditions, abrasion and cavitation.
2. Alkali-aggregate reaction is listed as an INTERNAL factor, not external — along with thermal-incompatibility of aggregate and paste and permeability of concrete.
_Source: IGNOU ET-522 Block-2 Unit-8 Durability of Concrete, §8.1, p. 65_
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