How does the graph of f(x) = x squared minus 5 compare with the graph of f(x) = x squared?

1. Adding a constant to the whole rule changes every output by that amount. 2. Here the constant is negative 5, so every output drops by 5. 3. The graph therefore sits 5 units lower than the basic parabola. 4. The shape is unchanged, since nothing has been multiplied by a stretch factor. _Source: OpenStax Intermediate Algebra (CC BY 4.0), section 9.7 Graph Quadratic Functions Using Transformations_