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Under Article 299(1) of the Constitution, what are the essential conditions for a contract with the Government of India or of a State to be valid?
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C.
1. Article 299(1) of the Constitution lays down three cumulative conditions for a valid Government contract:
2. (1) The contract **must be made in the name of the President or the Governor**, as the case may be; (2) The contract **must be executed on behalf of the President or Governor**; (3) A **person duly authorized by the President or Governor must execute the contract**.
3. Article 299(2) makes clear that neither the President nor the Governor shall be **personally liable** in respect of any contract or assurance made or executed for purposes of the Constitution or of any enactment relating to the Government of India.
4. A contract in contravention of Article 299(1) is **void** and cannot be ratified — it cannot be enforced even by invoking the doctrine of estoppel.
_Source: ICSI CS Executive — Lesson 5, 'Liability of State or Government in Contract', p. 128._
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