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Which two principles together form the foundation of the rule against bias under natural justice?
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: B.
1. The ICSI text articulates the rule against bias by the Latin maxim **nemo judex in causa sua** — 'no person should be made a judge in his own cause'.
2. The rule has **two main aspects**: (a) the judge must not have any **direct personal stake** in the matter, and (b) there must not be **any real likelihood of bias**.
3. *Audi alteram partem* (option A) is the **other** principal limb of natural justice — the rule of fair hearing — not the rule against bias.
4. Bias falls into three types under the ICSI classification: **pecuniary, personal, and subject-matter** bias.
_Source: ICSI CS Executive — Lesson 5, 'Rule against bias', p. 124._
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