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NCF 2005 says equality of treatment, such as equal access for girls, is inadequate, and calls instead for which approach?
AA formal approach of identical representation
BA neutral approach ignoring social difference
CA selective approach reserving access by merit
DA substantive approach towards equality of outcome
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. A substantive approach towards equality of outcome
1. NCF 2005 distinguishes formal equality from substantive equality.
2. It says the formal approach of equality of treatment, in terms of equal access or representation, is inadequate.
3. It calls for a substantive approach towards equality of outcome, taking diversity and disadvantage into account.
4. The formal and neutral options are the inadequate stance, and the merit-selective option contradicts inclusion, so the equality-of-outcome approach is correct.
_Source: NCF 2005 (NCERT), "1.4 Guiding Principles", p.13_
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