Passage (Charles Darwin, *On the Origin of Species*, 1859, Ch. III, continued): "In a state of nature almost every plant produces seed, and amongst animals there are very few which do not annually pair. Hence we may confidently assert, that all plants and animals are tending to increase at a geometrical ratio, that all would most rapidly stock every station in which they could any how exist, and that the geometrical tendency to increase must be checked by destruction at some period of life. Our familiarity with the larger domestic animals tends, I think, to mislead us: we see no great destruction falling on them, and we forget that thousands are annually slaughtered for food, and that in a state of nature an equal number would have somehow to be disposed of. The only difference between organisms which annually produce eggs or seeds by the thousand, and those which produce extremely few, is, that the slow-breeders would require a few more years to people, under favourable conditions, a whole district, let it be ever so large. The condor lays a couple of eggs and the ostrich a score, and yet in the same country the condor may be the more numerous of the two: the Fulmar petrel lays but one egg, yet it is believed to be the most numerous bird in the world." Darwin says that the geometrical tendency to increase *must be checked by destruction at some period of life*. The phrase "at some period of life" implies that:
Adestruction is uniform across all life stages of every species.
Bdestruction is rare in nature.
Cspecies can avoid destruction if they reproduce in winter.
Ddestruction may strike at different stages (eggs, juveniles, adults) for different species, but it must strike at some stage for every species.
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: D. destruction may strike at different stages (eggs, juveniles, adults) for different species, but it must strike at some stage for every species.
*At some period of life* is deliberately non-specific. For some species the destruction falls on eggs (many fish lay millions; most are eaten); for others, on juveniles; for others, on adults. What is **constant** is that destruction at *some* stage must equal the geometric tendency to increase — otherwise populations would grow without bound.
- **A** treats variable destruction as uniform — wrong.
- **C** contradicts Darwin's main claim.
- **D** is unsupported.
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