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Passage (Charles Darwin, *On the Origin of Species*, 1859, Ch. III, continued): "In a state of nature almost every plant produces seed, and amongst animals there are very few which do not annually pair. Hence we may confidently assert, that all plants and animals are tending to increase at a geometrical ratio, that all would most rapidly stock every station in which they could any how exist, and that the geometrical tendency to increase must be checked by destruction at some period of life. Our familiarity with the larger domestic animals tends, I think, to mislead us: we see no great destruction falling on them, and we forget that thousands are annually slaughtered for food, and that in a state of nature an equal number would have somehow to be disposed of. The only difference between organisms which annually produce eggs or seeds by the thousand, and those which produce extremely few, is, that the slow-breeders would require a few more years to people, under favourable conditions, a whole district, let it be ever so large. The condor lays a couple of eggs and the ostrich a score, and yet in the same country the condor may be the more numerous of the two: the Fulmar petrel lays but one egg, yet it is believed to be the most numerous bird in the world." What is the function of the contrast between the **condor** (lays $2$ eggs) and the **ostrich** (lays $\sim20$ eggs)?

ATo show that fertility rate alone does not determine a species' final abundance — slow-breeders can outnumber fast-breeders.
BTo prove that bigger birds always lay more eggs.
CTo argue that ostriches are more important to the ecosystem.
DTo illustrate that condors are nearly extinct.
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. To show that fertility rate alone does not determine a species' final abundance — slow-breeders can outnumber fast-breeders.
Darwin's example: the condor (low fertility) may be more numerous than the ostrich (high fertility) in the same country. He follows this with the Fulmar petrel — *only one egg*, yet *the most numerous bird in the world*. The contrast undermines a naive reading that high fertility = high population. **Survival** matters more than **birth rate** alone. - **A** is the opposite of the contrast. - **C** and **D** introduce evaluative claims Darwin doesn't make.
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