Passage (John Stuart Mill, *On Liberty*, 1859, Ch. II, continued): "For while every one well knows himself to be fallible, few think it necessary to take any precautions against their own fallibility, or admit the supposition that any opinion, of which they feel very certain, may be one of the examples of the error to which they acknowledge themselves to be liable. Absolute princes, or others who are accustomed to unlimited deference, usually feel this complete confidence in their own opinions on nearly all subjects. People more happily situated, who sometimes hear their opinions disputed, and are not wholly unused to be set right when they are wrong, place the same unbounded reliance only on such of their opinions as are shared by all who surround them, or to whom they habitually defer: for in proportion to a man's want of confidence in his own solitary judgment, does he usually repose, with implicit trust, on the infallibility of 'the world' in general. And the world, to each individual, means the part of it with which he comes in contact; his party, his sect, his church, his class of society." What is the function of the qualifier 'in proportion to' in the sentence about a man's want of confidence in his own solitary judgment?
ATo signal that the relationship between self-doubt and reliance on 'the world' is gradual and proportional — the more of one, the more of the other.
BTo indicate that the relationship is roughly the same for everyone regardless of circumstance.
CTo suggest that self-doubt and reliance on the world are independent of each other.
DTo weaken Mill's overall claim by introducing uncertainty.
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: A. To signal that the relationship between self-doubt and reliance on 'the world' is gradual and proportional — the more of one, the more of the other.
*In proportion to* names a **scaling relationship**: as $X$ grows, $Y$ grows in step. Mill is asserting that self-doubt and reliance on the world are tightly linked: more of one yields more of the other.
This precise scaling is what gives the sentence its sting — it is not just *some* people who do this, but everyone in proportion to their self-doubt.
- **B** misses the *scaling* in favour of constant equality.
- **C** turns the proportion into independence (the opposite).
- **D** misreads the technical phrase as a hedge.
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