A MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE (MITM) attack happens when

Question

Accepted Answer

A. attacker sits between two parties

1. MITM: attacker positions themselves between two parties and intercepts/relays/modifies the traffic.
2. COMMON SCENARIOS:
   • Rogue Wi-Fi access points (evil twin) on public networks.
   • ARP spoofing on a LAN — attacker poisons ARP tables so traffic flows through them.
   • DNS spoofing — attacker forges DNS responses to redirect to a malicious server.
   • Compromised certificate authority issuing fraudulent certs.
3. DEFENSE:
   • TLS with proper CERTIFICATE VALIDATION (defeats most MITM).
   • HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) prevents downgrade attacks.
   • Certificate pinning in mobile apps.
4. Other options describe unrelated phenomena.
_Source: NIST SP 800-12 + RFC 7457 (Summarizing Known Attacks on TLS)._

Answer

the server crashes during request

Answer

the network has unusually high latency

Answer

two different users share the same username

A MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE (MITM) attack happens when

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