Passage (Thomas Babington Macaulay, "Milton," 1825, continued from his argument that poetry declines as civilisation advances): "But it is not thus with music, with painting, or with sculpture. Still less is it thus with poetry. The progress of refinement rarely supplies these arts with better objects of imitation. It may indeed improve the instruments which are necessary to the mechanical operations of the musician, the sculptor, and the painter. But language, the machine of the poet, is best fitted for his purpose in its rudest state. Nations, like individuals, first perceive, and then abstract. They advance from particular images to general terms. Hence the vocabulary of an enlightened society is philosophical, that of a half-civilised people is poetical. This change in the language of men is partly the cause and partly the effect of a corresponding change in the nature of their intellectual operations, of a change by which science gains and poetry loses. Generalisation is necessary to the advancement of knowledge; but particularity is indispensable to the creations of the imagination. In proportion as men know more and think more, they look less at individuals and more at classes. They therefore make better theories and worse poems." When Macaulay says "the vocabulary of an enlightened society is philosophical, that of a half-civilised people is poetical," he means that:
Aonly philosophers can write good poetry.
Benlightened societies have no use for poetry whatsoever.
Cadvanced societies prefer abstract general terms, while less developed societies use vivid particular images that are more suited to poetry.
Dhalf-civilised peoples are intellectually inferior.
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C. advanced societies prefer abstract general terms, while less developed societies use vivid particular images that are more suited to poetry.
The sentence is the conclusion of the paragraph's argument: nations, like individuals, *advance from particular images to general terms*. So the **kind** of vocabulary differs by stage of civilisation — advanced societies favour the abstract; earlier ones favour the concrete.
Macaulay's value judgement is two-edged: abstract vocabulary is good for *philosophy* (which generalises), but concrete vocabulary is good for *poetry* (which depends on particulars). Both vocabularies have their uses; what changes is *which is dominant*.
- **A** misreads the philosophical/poetical contrast as a vocational requirement.
- **C** overstates Macaulay's verdict.
- **D** imports a moral verdict Macaulay does not pronounce — he ranks **vocabularies**, not **peoples**.
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