If 'All birds can fly' and 'Penguins are birds', the BEST critique is that
AThe conclusion is invalid
BThe conclusion 'Penguins can fly' is valid and true
CThe conclusion 'Penguins can fly' is valid but factually false because Premise 1 is false (not all birds fly)
DPenguins are not birds
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C. The conclusion 'Penguins can fly' is valid but factually false because Premise 1 is false (not all birds fly)
An argument can be VALID (form correct) but UNSOUND if a premise is false. 'All birds can fly' is empirically false (penguins, ostriches don't fly). Valid + true premises = sound; valid + false premise = unsound.
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