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Passage (Thomas Babington Macaulay, "Milton," *Edinburgh Review*, August 1825): "We think that, as civilisation advances, poetry almost necessarily declines. Therefore, though we fervently admire those great works of imagination which have appeared in dark ages, we do not admire them the more because they have appeared in dark ages. On the contrary, we hold that the most wonderful and splendid proof of genius is a great poem produced in a civilised age. We cannot understand why those who believe in that most orthodox article of literary faith, that the earliest poets are generally the best, should wonder at the rule as if it were the exception. Surely the uniformity of the phaenomenon indicates a corresponding uniformity in the cause. The fact is, that common observers reason from the progress of the experimental sciences to that of imitative arts. The improvement of the former is gradual and slow. Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are entitled to praise. Their pupils, with far inferior intellectual powers, speedily surpass them in actual attainments. Any intelligent man may now, by resolutely applying himself for a few years to mathematics, learn more than the great Newton knew after half a century of study and meditation." What is the relationship between the two paragraphs of the passage?

AThe second paragraph supplies a counterexample that complicates the thesis of the first.
BThe second paragraph rephrases the first paragraph's claim in more emphatic terms.
CThe second paragraph diagnoses the cause of an error implicit in the views the first paragraph contests, by analysing the source of a misleading analogy.
DThe two paragraphs make parallel claims about poetry and the experimental sciences, treating them as equivalent enterprises.
Answer & Solution
Correct answer: C. The second paragraph diagnoses the cause of an error implicit in the views the first paragraph contests, by analysing the source of a misleading analogy.
The first paragraph states the *thesis* (poetry declines as civilisation advances) and registers the surprise this seems to provoke in those who simultaneously hold that the earliest poets are best. Macaulay closes the paragraph with: "the uniformity of the phaenomenon indicates a corresponding uniformity in the cause." The second paragraph then *delivers* that cause — explaining that common observers extend a model that is correct for the experimental sciences (where progress accumulates) to poetry (where it does not). So the second paragraph **diagnoses the source of the error** Macaulay's opponents fall into. **C** captures this structural move. - **A** is wrong: the second paragraph does not complicate the thesis; it explains why others miss it. - **B** flattens the relation — the second paragraph adds new content (the science analogy), not stronger phrasing. - **D** asserts that poetry and the sciences are treated as equivalent, which is the exact opposite of Macaulay's claim: he treats them as *categorically different*.
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